Essay on Homosexual Relationships

Article on Homosexual Relationships Article on Homosexual Relationships Gay connections are sentimental associations between two individuals of a similar sexual orientation. These associations spread all instances of gays and lesbians. These connections are not founded on the readiness to reproduce or nature virtues, but instead on the craving to satisfy the interests of the people in question. Through the gatherings upheld by human rights gatherings, numerous gay people have come in the spotlight requesting lawful acknowledgment for their sexual directions. James Skillen is one of such activists. He sees that legislatures should assume aloof jobs with regards to the issues of marriage. Rather, Skillen recommends that the administration ought to figure out how to suit the â€Å"constantly changing meaning of marriage† to make arrangements for gay relationships (Skillen, 1). A comparable perception was made by Ellie Schaack in his article â€Å"Gay Marriage is a Right†. Schaack brings up that the option to wed is express and reliant on one’s exceptional traits (Schaack, 1). Lamentably, numerous nations are ceaselessly authorizing homosexuality. For example, a US court was accounted for to have conveyed a judgment driving the central government to alter laws to perceive gay relationships (Hurley, 2). Sexual wants ought to be utilized to set up nuclear families under which social qualities and social standards get went starting with one age then onto the next. The eventual fate of any general public relies upon the capacity of the current age to multiply and support esteems customarily connected with that society. Family is the major unit of the general public and is, consequently, significant for the development of the general public. Sex should fill in as a device for continuing sentimental connections that outcome from marriage and development of the family. Homosexuality doesn't reflect social government assistance, yet rather independence. Rather than acquainting lawful arrangements with advance homosexuality, the general public should try to help those in the training so they can identify with their sound sexual wants. This is conceivable through medication and mental treatment.

Inferno Essays (871 words) - Divine Comedy, Inferno, Pap Satn

Jacob Cerda Dante?s Inferno 10/19/2010 Have you at any point pondered where individuals of wrongdoing follow passing or even where you yourself would go? In Dante?s Inferno, a moral story of one?s inquiry of salvation, Dante Alighieri goes into the dark profundities of damnation where he meets both fanciful and genuine characters. He is guided by the apparition of the writer Virgil, who is an agnostic, yet as a phantom comprehends the idea of one God. He ventures to every part of the nine degrees of damnation where each wrongdoing is portrayed through the different phantoms. Limbo isn't viewed as a position of discipline however a position of honesty and individuals who weren?t purified through water. The wrongdoings of desire, greedy, greed and extravagance, fierceness and dismalness, sin and viciousness, misrepresentation and foul play are completely visited. As he ventures to every part of the profundities of heck, Dante meets two characters, Plutus and Myrrha, from two of the nine distinct degrees of the black market. Is it accurate to say that you are prepared to begin the exciting experience into hellfire? As Dante goes through the fourth hover of heck, he happens upon the evil presence Plutus, otherwise called Pluto. Pluto, in Greek folklore, is the Greek divine force of the black market, notwithstanding, in Roman folklore; he was a lord of riches. The Romans understood that he was likewise a divine force of the black market. Dante has made Pluto into a horrible wolf evil presence that watches the fourth circle, where spirits are rebuffed who have manhandled their riches through covetousness or improvidence. When he sees Dante and Virgil, Pluto utilizes a blasphemer obscure expression, ?Pape Satan Pape Satan aleppe,? which means: ?O Satan O Satan: god, lord.? He utilizes this expression to guarantee individuals that his god and pioneer is Lucifer. This is sacrilege to both Virgil and Dante. Hearing this profane articulation, Virgil flies into a fierceness, saying, be quiet, damned wolf; expend yourself with rage. This excursion to the pit is no mishap (Inferno, Canto VII lines 7-9). V irgil is stating that Plutus should remain quiet about his anger, for his plunge is no mishap. Virgil discovers this expression hostile since he currently puts stock in God. Plutus?s guardianship of the fourth circle and all his capacity has no impact over Dante and Virgil, in this manner he is cast to earth to walk it forever. As Dante?s venture proceeds into different circles of heck, he runs over the adulteress Myrrha, the mother of Adonis. Myrrha is found in the tenth level, or Bolgia, of the eighth circle. Dante asks about her; Virgil clarifies ?that is the old phantom of the odious Myrrha, who became past all legitimate love her father?s sweetheart.? (Canto XXX lines 37-39). She was charmed by her dad and hoodwinked him by camouflaging herself as a courtesan so she could lay down with him. As discipline, she was changed into a myrrh tree by an obscure divinity and some accept she is as of now enduring rabies. Ovid in his Metamorphoses says that the earth gulped her feet, and from her toes grew attaches that generally spread to hold the storage compartment in position; her bones became wood, which ran with sap not blood (Ovid?s Metamorphoses, book X, line 386-389). The story is sung by Orpheus, one of the extraordinary legendary figures in Rome. Ovid is stating she had admitted her wrongdoing and is cu rrently a tree by a unidentified god, not at all like Dante who accepts she had been reviled with rabies. I accept she is likewise an impression of the two girls of Lot, who additionally deluded their dad in a similar way. Myrrha is in hellfire as a result of her duplicity to her dad, not her desire for him. The last two circles of Hell rebuff sins that include cognizant misrepresentation or bad form. Myrrha is a double crosser and is reprimanded for illimitable time. Pluto and Myrrha are both dull animals of transgression. They are of evil nature, mortal and interminable. The two of them loathsome sins, yet I accept lewdness to be the risky of the two. Pluto?s ungodly sin is the most exceedingly terrible on the grounds that he cursing the one genuine God. It is malevolent to revile God who made all things, and, as Dante says, Pluto gets what he merited. He is rebuffed for his appalling sin: he tumbled to earth to walk it forever. Myrrha?s double dealing to

Practical and Natural Remedies for ADHD

Practical and Natural Remedies for ADHD ADHD Treatment Print Practical and Natural Remedies for ADHD By Jacqueline Sinfield facebook twitter Jacqueline Sinfield is an ADHD coach, and the author of Untapped Brilliance, How to Reach Your Full Potential As An Adult With ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Jacqueline Sinfield Medically reviewed by a board-certified physician Updated on November 21, 2019 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children Camille Tokerud / Getty Images Natural remedies are treatments that do not involve a prescription from your doctor. People have been using natural remedies to address their health issues for millennia.  They are now generally referred to as complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and commonly involve nutritional strategies and lifestyle changes. Although we have the benefits of advanced medicine, there may  still be a place for natural treatments too. There is a tendency to think a choice needs to be made between medication and alternative options. However, for ADHD, it is helpful to include a combination of both, in order to find the most effective way to treat and manage symptoms. Here is a list of practical and natural remedies for ADHD. Get Your Vitamins and Minerals Vitamins and minerals play an important role in natural remedies for ADHD. You can eat vitamin-rich foods and may also consider taking vitamin supplements.?? Here is a list of vitamins and minerals that have been found to be helpful for people with ADHD: Vitamin B6 and Magnesium: The B vitamins are essential for a healthy nervous system. Vitamin B6 is especially important for ADHD, as it is involved in the production of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine.?? Vitamin B6 and magnesium metabolism are connected. If magnesium levels are low, this can cause problems similar to ADHD, such as reduced attention span and irritability.?? A deficiency in B6 might result in poor memory, trouble concentrating, and increased activity. Taking magnesium and B6 together may  be helpful in managing ADHD symptoms.Vitamin C: Vitamin C is involved in a variety of functions and is needed  for the brain to make neurotransmitters.??Zinc: Zinc is a mineral that regulates dopamine. If you have low levels, it may contribute to  attentional issues.Iron: Iron is needed to make dopamine.?? Low iron levels have been associated with  ADHD symptoms. Your doctor can check your iron levels and prescribe a supplement if you need one. It is not advisable to take an iron supplement without medical advice. Take an Omega-3 Supplement Research shows people with ADHD have lower levels of  omega-3  compared to their peers who do not have ADHD.?? The benefits of taking an omega-3 supplement may include improving ADHD symptoms, resulting in, for example, increased attention, focus, and memory, and may help with your  overall approach to treatment. Eat a Clean Diet Clean eating is a great term to describe a style of eating that avoids processed foods, additives, and chemicals. Here are some things to avoid when you are eating clean to help your ADHD symptoms. Sodium: The body needs some salt to function at its best. However, too much salt can contribute to  a range of health problems from headaches to hypertension. Sodium benzoate is in many foods and drinks and has been associated with high scores on ADHD rating scales.?? Become an avid reader of product labels to get an idea of how much salt you are consuming in your diet at the moment. Then develop ways to reduce your intake, so it is not more than the recommended daily amount. The American Heart Association says the ideal amount of salt intake is 1,500 milligrams or less per day.??MSG: Monosodium glutamate is a flavor enhancer that is added to many foods, including salad dressing, bouillon cubes, and baby food. There have been adverse cognitive reactions to MSG reported in some studies.??HVP: Hydrolyzed vegetable protein is also a flavor enhancer used in foods like chili, sauces, dips, and soy vegetarian products. While HVP can contain MSG (often 10 to 30 percent), manufacturers of a product that has HVP are not required to disclose on the label if it contains MSG.Yeast Extract: Some believe that yeast extract is a type of MSG.?? It is seldom talked about and often goes undetected, even by label readers who know to look for MSG.Caffeine: Caffeine is a stimulant. Many people self-medicate with caffeine before being  diagnosed  or use it to treat their ADHD. Caffeine enhances dopamine?? and increases focus and alertness. It also has an addictive quality and excessive use may put  stress  on the adrenal glands. It triggers the fight or flight response and can result in side effects like anxiety, nervousness, and insomnia. Caffeine can also interact negatively with  stimulant  medication. Some people with ADHD find they can enjoy a small amount of caffeine, while others find its negative effects outweigh any enjoyment they get from a morning coffee. If you find caffeine causes any unpleasant side effects, eliminating it from your diet could help your ADHD symptoms. Be sure to read labels?? , as caffeine can be added to drinks, food, and medication where you might not expect it to be.Sugar: Sugar tastes good. However, it does not contain helpful nutrients for the ADHD brain. Overuse can result  in energy crashes and problems with  memory  and focus. Sugar does not cause ADHD, but it can magnify symptoms in someone who has it.Artificial Sweeteners: Although the evidence is mixed, some studies link artificial sweeteners with biochemical alterations that can interfere with cognitive functions and emotions.?? Have Stable Blood Sugar Eating regularly (yet not constantly snacking) helps to control blood sugar. This helps to avoid focus and attention issues, irritability, and low physical energy that come with unstable blood sugar levels.?? If you skip meals or eat food that is high in simple carbohydrates (including  sugar),  your blood sugar levels may be a little like a roller coaster with highs and lows all day. Some ADHD characteristics make eating regularly challenging. For example, hyper-focusing might mean you forget to eat because you are so engrossed in your activity. Tasks like  meal planning  and grocery shopping can be difficult. In addition, ADHD medication can suppress your appetite.?? Here are some ADHD-friendly suggestions to keep your blood sugar stable: Get up 15 minutes earlier in the morning so you have time to eat breakfast.Eat protein for breakfastâ€"perhaps eggsâ€"as protein  helps to stabilize blood sugar levels.??Set an alarm for lunch and dinner so you remember when it is time to eat.Learn ADHD-friendly ways to plan meals and shop for groceries.Carry healthy snacks with you when you leave the house. This way if you are hungry you will be less likely to reach for a sugary snack. Eat Protein Including protein with meals can help in managing ADHD symptoms. Not only does protein help to stabilize blood sugar levels, but protein also influences  neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, are biochemical messengers that allow communication between brain cells. Protein provides a supply of amino acids, which are what neurotransmitters are made from, helping the brain to function at its best. Neurotransmitters, in particular dopamine and norepinephrine, are an important feature in treating ADHD.?? For example, stimulant ADHD medications work by increasing the amount of dopamine and norepinephrine in the synapses of the brain. By eating protein you are helping your ADHD naturally, and you can perform better throughout the day. An ADHD-friendly meal includes a balance of protein and fiber?? (such as from vegetables, unprocessed fruit, or oatmeal). Discover If You Have a Food Intolerance A study found that people with ADHD have a greater chance of having food allergies and food intolerance than people who do not have ADHD.?? If a person has a food allergy and eats that food, typically a reaction is experienced fairly quickly. Symptoms might include itchiness or hives, or a more severe reaction, such as swelling of the tongue or problems breathing.?? Food allergies can be diagnosed with a skin test or blood test. Food intolerance or sensitivities are harder to detect than allergies.?? For example, they might not show up in blood results, and the effects of eating a certain food might not be as immediate. (This means some people are skeptical that food intolerances exist.) Yet they can still negatively affect one’s quality of life. For example, your energy levels can be affected. There might be changes in your behavior like more impulsiveness  and a decrease in brain clarity or ability to concentrate. Food intolerances are personal, both in terms of what food or foods you are intolerant to and how they affect you. Because blood tests are not a reliable way to test for intolerances, a good way to discover if you have any is to try an elimination diet.?? There are two ways to do this. You could eliminate all the top allergens (soy, wheat, dairy, corn, yeast, peanuts, eggs, shellfish, and chocolate) at the same time. Alternatively, eliminate one at a time and see if you notice a reduction in symptoms. Eliminating all the foods at the same time can result in a restrictive diet, which is hard to maintain. There is also the potential that you would not meet your nutritional requirements. Working with a nutritionist is helpful if you decide on this option. For some people, eliminating one food at a time is an easier alternative. Discover If You Have a Food Dye Intolerance Food dyes can be found in a wide variety of foods and products like candy, cereal, snacks, medications, and toothpaste. Some studies  have found a connection between food coloring and additives and hyperactivity in children.?? It might be that your child is sensitive to some food coloring but not all of them. An elimination diet will allow you to see which food dye or dyes have an effect. The best way to avoid food dyes is to become an expert at reading labels before buying a product. A product might identify the food dyes used, like Blue No. 1 for example. If the product has several colors, the label might say artificial colors. Eliminating food dyes from a diet does not necessarily mean you have to stop eating certain types of food; sometimes it just means switching brands. The Feingold diet is an elimination diet designed for people with ADHD.?? It allows only a few food dyes or additives. It has been criticized for being very restrictive, and it is not advised that it be the only way you  treat  ADHD. However, it is a diet that might help to identify food sensitivities. Exercise Exercise improves ADHD symptoms, including executive functions. There have been many research studies done to look at different types of exercise and how they help ADHD.?? The verdict is that there is not one exercise type that is better than another. Instead, the important factor is to pick one that you enjoy and will feel motivated to do regularly. It could be running, spinning classes, yoga,  or martial art. If you have a tendency to get bored, you could include a variety of your favorite exercise types. Energetic Play Exercise is excellent for children with ADHD???, too. It helps all their ADHD  symptoms, including hyperactivity and impulsivity. Children might enjoy an organized sport or martial art class. They can also benefit from lots of opportunities to participate in exercise throughout the day with energetic play. This could be jumping on a trampoline, running in the yard or park with friends, or hopping on a bike. Go to Sleep Getting enough hours of sleep every night helps ADHD. However, ADHD behavior can sabotage good sleep hygiene. For example, hyper-focus or procrastinating on projects until the last minute can mean you end up going to bed late.?? Having a busy mind can make falling asleep feel impossible. This, in turn, makes waking up in the morning hard because you are sleep-deprived. Getting less sleep than you need affects your ability to focus and concentrate. It also affects your mood and general health. Although making sleep a priority and changing habits around sleep might feel like a daunting task, it is a great natural way to help ADHD.

A Day That Changed My Life Forever - 1297 Words

December 5, 2005 will be a day that changed my life forever. This day would be a day that would bring me many friends, nightmares, experiences, and the responsibility I would never have thought I would have. The struggles, achievements and situations in which I would find myself in do not come to just any normal person with an ordinary job. On this day I enlisted to join the United States Army. ARMY I had just started my freshman year at Northern Michigan University. It was a local college in my hometown. I was young, dumb, and reckless without a care in the world. I had no idea what I wanted to major in yet. My mentality for the last 18 years had been â€Å"I will figure it out as I get there†. This exact same mind set carried over as far as my obligation to pay for school, so as the semester came to an end, I found myself more in debt than I would like to be and with no means of being able to get out of it with my current situation I found myself in. On December 5, 2005 I walked over to the Army recruiter office and enlisted into the United States Army as an Infantryman. Before long I was visiting multiple doctors, filling out numerous papers, and taking an unwanted amount of shots. From the very start of my enlistment, once I stepped foot off the cattle truck it was the hardest thing I have ever done in my life. I was climbing towers and ropes higher then I had ever wanted to. Operating weapon systems that I had only seen in movies and on TV. The days ofShow MoreRelatedThe Day That Changed My Life Forever1371 Words   |  6 PagesThe Day That Changed My Life Forever It was a bone chilling January night; my mom received a call at about 11:15 PM, a call that changed my life forever. My Aunt June was on the other line. She was crying so hard my mother could barely understand her. Through the sobbing my mom finally understood that Brian, my cousin, had been in a horrible accident and she didn’t know how bad it was. 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The Six Biological Kingdoms

Organisms are traditionally classified into three domains and further subdivided into one of six kingdoms of life. The Six Kingdoms of Life ArchaebacteriaEubacteriaProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia Organisms are placed into these categories based on similarities or common characteristics. Some of the characteristics that are used to determine placement are cell type, nutrient acquisition, and reproduction. The two main cell types are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Common types of nutrient acquisition include photosynthesis, absorption, and ingestion. Types of reproduction include asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. Some more modern classifications abandon the term kingdom. These classifications are based on cladistics, which notes that kingdoms in the traditional sense are not monophyletic,  that is, they do not all have a common ancestor. Archaebacteria Moelyn Photos/Getty Images Archaebacteria are single-celled prokaryotes  originally thought to be bacteria. They are in the Archaea Domain and have a unique ribosomal RNA type. The cell wall composition of these extreme organisms allows them to live in some very inhospitable places, such as hot springs and hydrothermal vents.  Archaea of the methanogen species can also be found in the guts of animals and humans. Domain: ArchaeaOrganisms: Methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles, and psychrophilesCell Type: ProkaryoticMetabolism: Depending on species—oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, sulfur, sulfide may be needed for metabolismNutrition Acquisition: Depending on species—nutrition intake may by absorption, non-photosynthetic photophosphorylation, or chemosynthesisReproduction: Asexual reproduction by binary fission, budding, or fragmentation Eubacteria NNehring / Getty Images These organisms are considered to be true bacteria and are classified under the Bacteria Domain. Bacteria live in almost every type of environment and are often associated with disease. Most bacteria, however, do not cause disease. Bacteria are the main microscopic organisms that compose the human microbiota. There are more bacteria in the human gut, for instance, than there are body cells. Bacteria ensure that our bodies function normally. These microbes  reproduce at an alarming rate under the right conditions. Most reproduce asexually by binary fission.  Bacteria have varied and distinct bacterial cell shapes including round, spiral, and rod shapes. Domain: BacteriaOrganisms: Bacteria, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), and actinobacteriaCell Type: ProkaryoticMetabolism: Depending on species—oxygen may be toxic, tolerated, or needed for metabolismNutrition Acquisition: Depending on species—nutrition intake may by absorption, photosynthesis, or chemosynthesisReproduction: Asexual Protista   NNehring / Getty Images The protista kingdom includes a very diverse group of organisms. Some have characteristics of animals (protozoa), while others resemble plants (algae) or fungi (slime molds). These eukaryotic organisms have a nucleus that is enclosed within a membrane. Some protists have organelles that are found in animal cells (mitochondria), while others have organelles that are found in plant cells (chloroplasts). Protists that are similar to plants are capable of photosynthesis. Many protists are parasitic pathogens that cause disease in animals and humans. Others exist in commensalistic or mutualistic relationships with their host. Domain: EukaryaOrganisms: Amoebae, green algae, brown algae, diatoms, euglena, and slime moldsCell Type: EukaryoticMetabolism: Oxygen is needed for metabolismNutrition Acquisition: Depending on species—nutrition intake may be by absorption, photosynthesis, or ingestionReproduction: Mostly asexual, but meiosis occurs in some species Fungi Luise Thiemann/EyeEm/Getty Images Fungi include both unicellular (yeast and molds) and multicellular (mushrooms) organisms. Unlike plants, fungi are not capable of  photosynthesis.  Fungi are important for the recycling of nutrients back into the environment. They decompose organic matter and acquire nutrients through absorption. While some fungal species contain toxins that are deadly to animals and humans, others have beneficial uses, such as for the production of penicillin and related antibiotics. Domain: EukaryaOrganisms: Mushrooms, yeast, and moldsCell Type: EukaryoticMetabolism: Oxygen is needed for metabolismNutrition Acquisition: AbsorptionReproduction: Sexual or asexual through spore formation Plantae Created by MaryAnne Nelson / Getty Images Plants are extremely important to all life on earth as they provide oxygen, shelter, clothing, food, and medicine for other living organisms. This diverse group contains vascular and nonvascular plants, flowering and nonflowering plants, as well as seed-bearing and non-seed bearing plants. As photosynthetic organisms, plants are primary producers and support life for most food chains in the planets major biomes. Animalia Doug Allan / Getty Images This kingdom includes animal  organisms.  These  multicellular eukaryotes depend on plants and other organisms  for nutrition. Most animals live in aquatic environments  and range in size from tiny tardigrades  to the extremely large blue whale.  Most animals reproduce by sexual reproduction, which involves fertilization (the union of male and female gametes). Domain: EukaryaOrganisms: Mammals, amphibians, sponges, insects, worms.Cell Type: EukaryoticMetabolism: Oxygen is needed for metabolism.Nutrition Acquisition: IngestionReproduction: Sexual reproduction occurs in most and asexual reproduction in some.

Food Intake 3 Days Free Essays

During my three day food intake I discovered that I only consumed 88 grams of protein. In these three meals I spent almost 40 dollars and I was short almost 100 grams of protein required for my weight. Four slices of pizza, and two double cheeseburgers produced the most protein. We will write a custom essay sample on Food Intake 3 Days or any similar topic only for you Order Now Oatmeal, beer, and coffee only counted for less than 10 grams. All six items consumed over the 3 day stretch accounted for carbohydrates. The items ranged from 10g to 100g of carbs. The only item with enough lipids was the McDonald’s oatmeal. The rest of the meals were relatively low. I need to make better planning to include more lipids into my health plan. According to the recommendation of the DRI and compared to my intake of protein, carbs, and lipid I failed to meet 100% percent of the minimum standards. I was less than 50% DRI for most of the nutrients. In fact only one out of the 35 nutrients only surpassed or reached 50%. I personally think that I need to consume more meals with adequate healthy nutrients. I would need to add more vegetables, fruits, and oils to my diet so I can achieve my goals. My calorie DRI was almost 4,000 and I just consumed 18% or almost 700 calories. I almost did good with carbohydrates meeting my DRI, but with protein I was at 17%, and with fat total I was at 33%. I was surprised that the numbers were not even close to my expectations. I understand that during these three days I didn’t meet my required DRI because I changed my diet for this assignment. I tried to limit my food intake and changed from healthy food to fast food, but nonetheless during some days this is what I have consumed during some occasions. It demonstrated that I was not anywhere near be healthy. I will need to increase my protein intake achieve my gym goals. If I was to eat little protein the muscle mass would turn to stored fat and have low energy. If I was to lose weight and I would stop exercising my fat would come back to the same level as before. For example my protein intake should be 62 grams according to my weight, but I didn’t consume any. I am very displeased to say that my fiber intake was at 0% percent. I did not consume any fruit or vegetables. When I was ordering my fast food I could have add vegetables and fruit to my pizza, oatmeal, but I didn’t. During my average day I would eat plenty of fruits such as apples, bananas, and oranges to cover my six meals. I would also eat vegetables in salads or with main meals. My favorite vegetable is spinach which is a great source of fiber. I try to stay away from fibers such as breads and such. According to the iprofile eating bananas and apples also produce great amounts of fibers which cover me in the fiber intake. Insufficient or excessive amounts of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, or fiber contribute a lot my health and illnesses. To induce rapid weight loss the easiest way to do it is to eliminate carbohydrates for many people who are in a diet. Without carbohydrates people will be more moody because it loses serotonin. If I was to drink fruit juice instead of whole fruits I would lose all of the fiber. For example to produce 8oz of apple juice I would need 3-4 apples producing about 15grams of fiber, but all the fiber is taken out when its mixed into juice. Any fruit juice that will replace soda pop or you retain the skin or pulp than is ok too. Consumers just need to be careful when they are shopping for fruit juice. Sometime is better to juice it at home because the sugar level will be lower and you will still maintain all the nutrients. The more I read about nutrition the more I get interested about maintain myself healthy be eating healthy and rigorous training. This iprofile has opened my eyes to understand the nutrients I’m lacking or I am over consuming How to cite Food Intake 3 Days, Essays

United States Foreign Policy free essay sample

The contemporary foreign policy of the United States represents an evolving continuum of principles, conceptions and strategies that in part, derived from the particularistic American Cold War experience. As such, united States foreign policy is neither a static entity, nor is its intentions or direction uncontested. This essay will examine the underlying issues of identity and how, beginning with the Truman Doctrine, a distinct articulation of the national interest was evinced that has defined Americas role in the world.In doing so, focus will be given to the development of alliance policy, entailment and its effect on transforming the US posture in the post-Cold War international order. Firstly, it is pertinent to reconsider the traditional narratives that underpin American identity. Inherent in this is Manifest Destiny, which asserts that Anglo-Saxon Americans are Gods chosen people, with a superior culture and who are pre-ordained to spread civilization to inferior peoples. This tradition offers instructive themes for the formulation of American exceptionalness and its manifestation into a missionary foreign policy. It also raises to the forefront the Mechanic character of American logic, its solipsism and tendency to justify geopolitical objectives in moralistic terms. Thus, US foreign policy is a discourse for reproducing American identity, containing threats to its core principles and legitimating global actions. The Cold War era ended Americas historic vacillation between isolationism and internationalism.The Truman Doctrine committed, in part to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. Consonant with American identity, it rapidly became the cornerstone of American Cold War foreign policy. The citrine enshrined in popular culture the notion that America is vulnerable in a dangerous world. For this reason, it was a statement of both identity and global purpose, signaling to the Soviet union that the United States was prepared to counter any Soviet expansionism.While the Truman Doctrine articulated an enduring strategic vision, it was National Security Council Report 68 that expressed a posteriori justification for American aspirations to global hegemony. Declaring that the exigencies of the international system compel US intervention the report emphasized that absence of order is inimical to IIS interests. It recommends the United States create an international community based on the principles of freedom and democracy to counter the Soviet threat. Implicit in this is the assumption that every situation is controllable and could be resolved in-line with US interest . Furthermore, the imperatives of hegemony were already producing a bifurcation between lofty ideals and policy, with Seamans very realist calculation that the US would need to dismiss with sentimentality and altruism if it wanted to attain a superior geopolitical position. Discursively speaking, suspicion and anxiety continue to characterize American identification with the outside world. While specific opinions relating to foreign policy issues have changed, the underlying belief structure remains intact.Where civilization was imperiled by the red cancer, the Reagan administration began rejuvenating the civilized versus savagery dichotomy, this time targeting terrorism. Likewise, American exceptionalness remains a central rallying cry with its moral and emotive force used as rationale for American intervention in the Middle East. There is no clearer reaffirmation of the Truman Doctrine than from former President George Walker Bush who clears it the responsibility of the United States , if not its messianic mission to promote freedom worldwide.More recently, the Obama administration maintains the US objective to shape the international order and ensconced within it is justification based on the ingenuity of the American people. American alliance policy is both reflective of ideological divisions and indicative of an intention to maintain centrality in the international order. Mired in the power struggle that was the Cold War, alliances became a competition for allies and were sought for economic and security interests. As such, the United States constructed an interconnected web of relationships, positioning itself as the centripetal entity.With a confluence of identity and interests, the North Atlantic Treaty enjoined Europe and the United States into a multilateral institution, defending the collective security of Western civilization. Contrastingly, attempts at forming collective security institutions in East Asia, principally the Eisenhower administrations South East Asia Treaty Organization failed due to Saiss Pissarro identities and incongruent interests. Instead, the United States reverted to a hub and spoke structure, a outwork of bilateral alliances with Japan, South Korea and Taiwan amongst other s.Without a single common thread, this informal structure has relied on United States security guarantees and more latently, shared economic interests to maintain stability. Formed under the rubric of anticommunism, by the end of the Cold War an order had emerged built on two pillars the US dollar and the IIS security umbrella. Though the IIS has lost its reliable satraps from the Cold War era, it continues to hold a unique economic and military presence in East Asia. However, the US is now one of many important layers in a region trending toward deeper multilateral cooperation.Pressure on allies to oppose regional security forums in favor of their US alliance has failed. The American presence is still valued except in a different context, to balance that of Chinas rise. Coming to grips with this reality necessitated the eschewing of past ideological differences as non-traditional partners, including Vietnam have been sought for bilateral economic ties. Further, the CSS has implicitly accepted Beijing rising status and conferred upon China the leadership position on some regional issues, principally those of common once such as North Koreans nuclear pr ogram. This is not without its realignments, expressly with Taiwan, where the US is involved in a delicate balancing, keen to maintain reputation interests but with a growing desire to engage with China. Despite advancing regionalism, American alliances continue to form the foundation of security and US relations with East Asia. Having largely lost its raisin dtree with the conclusion of the Cold War, its ostensibly contradictory that NATO has expanded and diversified. Reinforced by shared political values and the legacy of four decades of cooperation, theCSS had ample reason to preserve it. Antas expansion eastward to the Russian border reinforces the European security community and imbues within it a lasting American influence. Further, US dominance within NATO has subordinated it to a body in service of American interests preserving the ideologically important transatlantic relationship whilst concealing US actions within a multilateral facade. Absent the Soviet threat and reminiscent o f the Truman Doctrine, justifications for expansion fell on defending human rights globally (Freaking 2003, 371). Moreover, the abject failure of US nation alluding in Iraq, contrasted with the relative success of Shove sends a clear message that with intensifying global fragmentation, there is no viable alternative to collective action. Given US military supremacy, NATO will remain a desirable coalition for Europeans whilst also serving as an instrument of US interests. Alongside alliances, the Cold War strategy of containment acted as a bulwark to preserve American identity and interests. Advanced chiefly by Keenan, on one hand containment recommended a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.Likening the Soviet Union to a bent tree, Keenan argued that sustained counter-pressure over time would allow that tree to grow back in another form. In this way, the redemption of the Soviet Union, its repudiation of communism, became the ultimate policy goal. On the other hand, containment represented a vociferous enunciation of American identity, declaring t hat Soviet defiance compelled Americans to accept destiny and lead the global resistance. Having attained great-power Status, containment initially accentuated Americas moralistic tendencies.By depicting Ideological adversaries as illegitimate, this oft little room for negotiation until dtenet made possible a limited modus veined . Strategically, containment allowed America to build spheres of influence, managing other powers in a global system under American aegis, creating the prelude to the post-Cold War pas Americana. While often referred to as outmoded, containment remains pervasive in American foreign policy. In postulating that terrorism demands pre-emotive action, former President George Walker Bush asserted that containment is not possible.Yet Caddis argues the Bush Doctrine supplements Cold War containment, retooling it for a geographically unbounded struggle. Others have argued for a similar reinvigoration of containment to deal with Iran. Recent policy documents confirm this approach; inviting Iran to renounce its ideology, join the international community and Offer engagement with America. The latter offer of engagement demonstrates the experience gained during dtenet is providing logical boundaries for modern containment. At the same time, the ideological basis for containment persists.Evocative of the Cold War reasoning, containment during the War on Terror was envisaged as a process of everyday serialization, policing of the border between the Self and Other. There can be no compromise of fundamental American ideals as according to former Secretary of Defense Rumbled, they will either succeed in changing our way of life, or we will succeed in changing theirs. This ideological bifurcation is the unifying idea behind the assertion and legalization of American global hegemony.Hence contemporary containment, while more reflexive, continues as a mechanism for restricting threats to strategy and identity. As the only power left standing at the end of the Cold War, the IIS sought to complete its objectives from NCSC-68 and cement its dominance. With a universal agenda, it sought to fill the power vacuum left by the collapse of the Soviet Union. Imperial ambitions collided with the tenets of former US grand strategy restraint, accommodation and institutionalism. In this way, it revolted against the very system it created.American unilateralism is often held as symbolic of this, yet it is nothing new. The crucial difference is in part perception; as the hegemonic state, the IIS is perceived as exploiting its advantage and threatening the position of other states. Reflecting on a much earlier period in international relations, Kissing notes the desire of en power for absolute security means absolute insecurity for all the others. Often unwilling to be restricted by international law, the US undermines the legitimacy of international society and the attractiveness of its leadership.While maintaining the international order remains critical to American foreign policy, its expanding interests endanger other states and the mutual benefits of a IIS led system. In a rapidly evolving international system, the US is at the forefront and yet is most threatened bathe emerging multipart order. The contemporary foreign policy of the US reflects an evolution of the policies reused during the Cold War. Using a combination Of ideology, alliances and containment, the US cultivated a global order that defeated the Soviet Union.Having achieved pre-eminence, the signatures of these same philosophies remains embedded in US policy and strategic thinking. Perhaps the best indication of this is the designation of a new ideological enemy in terrorism and its resulting revalidation of Cold War dogma into a modern raisin d?tat. Most critically, the US is utilizing this new calling to consolidate its alliances and contain adversaries in light of the emergence of an increasingly decentralized, multipart global order.

Utopia Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Utopia Persuasive Essay Secluded in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, is a place called Sashy, a wonderful, perfect society. It is always peaceful and nothing bad ever happens on the island. The islands air is always fresh and free of any toxins or pollution. Temperature on the South side of Sashy is always warm with no humidity present. On the North side of Sashy the weather is always perfect for winter activities, the temperature is just cold enough for the snow to fall. The North side of the island is full of steep, snow-covered mountains. On the South side of the Sashy clean, sandy beaches cover the land. The ocean water is crystal clear and warm. Sashy is the perfect place to live. On the island, every person is treated as equals. No one person thinks or acts as if they are better than another. We will write a custom essay on Utopia Persuasive specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There is no racism or sexism present, all types of people reside here and get along together. Living on the island is people from all different cultures and backgrounds. Everyone lives in peace with no fighting, violence, crime, or war. The people of Sashy, called Sashians, do not judge each other by their appearance or whom they interacted with. There are many diverse religions in this community. Each one does not criticize the others for their beliefs. Once a month all the different religions get together at the island community building and congregate together to discuss their viewpoints and thoughts on their faith. On this island there is no poverty, disease, or hunger. Everyone has plenty of money, but have to work for it. Not everything comes easy. There is still much competition in the economy. Citizens of the island do not worry about money though. The Sashians are involved in a wide variety of sports and leisure activities all year long. This is possible because of the extreme temperature differences on the North and South sides of the mountain. The North side is always cold so the citizen can ski and snowboard at the Sashian Mountain Resort. The resort would offer a wide variety of different leveled slopes for the skiers on one half of the mountain. On the other half of the mountain there would be a Snowboard Park consisting of a slopes and half pipes strictly for the snowboarders. A snow tubing park would also be available for any whom has interest in snow tubing. There would family tubes and single tubes available for use. All these activities and more on North Sashy will have minimal charges to take advantage of the facilities. On the warm and sunny South side, the beaches are clean and free of charge for all citizens. The beaches have volleyball courts open to anyone. At the piers there are docks where people can rent Jet Skis, Speed Boats, Yachts, and Party Boats for their recreational pleasure. Sidewalks and paths are on hand for Sashians to roller blade, skateboard, ride bikes, and run, jog, or walk. Boating trips are also available that take groups out in the middle of the ocean to scuba dive and snorkel. Throughout the whole island are shopping centers, eateries, and sports complexes of all types accessible to all. Any store imaginable exists. A shoppers heaven! The amount of places to eat would be incredible. Any type of food that a person had a craving for would be accessible. The Sashian Society would always try to make the island enjoyable for each person. Schooling would be one of the most important aspects of life on the island. It is required for all citizens to start their education at elementary school level and continue up to collegiate level. .uf276e19c1abfd2512dd232df8262bde2 , .uf276e19c1abfd2512dd232df8262bde2 .postImageUrl , .uf276e19c1abfd2512dd232df8262bde2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf276e19c1abfd2512dd232df8262bde2 , .uf276e19c1abfd2512dd232df8262bde2:hover , .uf276e19c1abfd2512dd232df8262bde2:visited , .uf276e19c1abfd2512dd232df8262bde2:active { border:0!important; } .uf276e19c1abfd2512dd232df8262bde2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf276e19c1abfd2512dd232df8262bde2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf276e19c1abfd2512dd232df8262bde2:active , .uf276e19c1abfd2512dd232df8262bde2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf276e19c1abfd2512dd232df8262bde2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf276e19c1abfd2512dd232df8262bde2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf276e19c1abfd2512dd232df8262bde2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf276e19c1abfd2512dd232df8262bde2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf276e19c1abfd2512dd232df8262bde2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf276e19c1abfd2512dd232df8262bde2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf276e19c1abfd2512dd232df8262bde2 .uf276e19c1abfd2512dd232df8262bde2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf276e19c1abfd2512dd232df8262bde2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Alternatives to Bureaucracy to Motivat Workers Essay It is not required, but if the parents wanted to start sending their children to nursery or preschool the facilities would be open for use free of charge. All schooling on the island is free of charge because education is of great importance to the people of Sashy. The schools administer the best education possible. There is a large variety colleges available for students to choose from. Students will be required to go to school for nine months out of the year. Altogether, students are required to attend seventeen years of schooling. In order to insure that the students are getting an excellent education the teachers would have to take a Teaching Exam every five years. If the teachers fail to complete the requirements and the written section of the test they will not be permitted to teach for one year. Teachers are also required to go back to college annually and take two courses to broaden their knowledge. All measures would be taken that would be necessary to maintain the finest quality of education for Sashians. The citizens of Sashy make up their own laws and rules. Each year selected members the community sit down and revise the laws from the years before if necessary. Each community on Sashy have representatives that go around and take ideas and thoughts on how the island could be changed and run to make it better place to live. Laws never are passed if a large number of people on the island disagreed with them. The governments main concern is the happiness of the lives of the Sashians.Miscellaneous

Biography of Fulgencio Batista, Cuban President and Dictator

Biography of Fulgencio Batista, Cuban President and Dictator Fulgencio Batista (Jan. 16, 1901–Aug. 6, 1973) was a Cuban army officer who rose to the presidency on two occasions, from 1940–1944 and 1952–1958. He also held a great deal of national influence from 1933 to 1940, although he did not at that time hold any elected office. He is perhaps best remembered as the Cuban president who was overthrown by Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution of 1953–1959. Fast Facts: Fulgencio Batista Known For: President of Cuba, 1940- 1944 and 1952–1958.Born: January 16, 1901, Banes, Cuba.Parents: Belisario Batista Palermo and Carmela Zaldà ­var Gonzles (1886- 1916).Died: August 6, 1973, Guadalmina, SpainEducation: Quaker grade school in Banes, 4th grade.Spouse(s): Elisa Godinez (m. 1926- 1946); Marta Fernandez Miranda (m. 1946–1973).Children: 8. Early Life Fulgencio Batista was born Rubà ©n Fulgencio Batista Zaldà ­var on January 16, 1901, the first of four sons born to Belisario Batista Palermo and Carmela Zaldà ­var Gonzles, in the Veguitas section of Banes, in Cubas northeastern Oriente province. Belisario had fought in the Cuban war of independence against Spain under General Jose Maceo, and he was a sugar cane cutter employed by a local contractor for the United Fruit Company. The family was poor, and the relationship between Fulgencio Batista and his father was not good, and so Fulgencio took it upon himself to raise, educate and care for his younger brothers Juan (born 1905), Hermelindo (b. 1906), and Francisco (b. 1911).  Ã‚   Fulgencio began studying at the age of ten at the Quaker school in Banes when it opened in September, 1911. The mostly Cuban students were taught in Spanish, and Batista graduated in 1913 with a fourth-grade education. After he graduated, he worked in the sugar cane fields with his father, and in the off-season in a variety of small jobs in town, including as apprentice to a barber and a tailor. His mother died in 1916, and the next year at the age of 15, Fulgencio Batista ran away from home.   Joining the Military During the five years between 1916 and 1921, Batista was frequently destitute, often homeless, and traveled working an odd assortment of jobs until landing a job with the Ferrocarriles del Norte railway in Camagà ¼ey Province. He sent money home when he could, but was nearly killed in an accident at the railroad that left him hospitalized for several weeks and scarred him for life. Although there were late night parties, drinking and womanizing among the railway employees, Batista rarely attended and was instead remembered as a voracious reader.   In 1921, Batista enlisted in the Cuban Army and joined the First Battalion of the 4th Infantry in Havana on April 14, 1921. On July 10, 1926, he married Elisa Godà ­nez Gà ³mez (1905–1993); they would have three children (Ruben, Mirta, and Elisa). Batista was made sergeant in 1928, and worked as an army stenographer as General Machados chief of Staff, General Herrera. Collapse of the Machado Government Batista was a young sergeant in the army when the repressive government of General Gerardo Machado fell apart in 1933. The charismatic Batista organized the so-called â€Å"Sergeant’s Rebellion† of non-commissioned officers and seized control of the armed forces. By making alliances with student groups and unions, Batista was able to put himself in a position where he was effectively ruling the country. He eventually broke with the student groups, including the Revolutionary Directorate (a student activist group) and they became his implacable enemies. First Presidential Term, 1940–1944 In 1938, Batista ordered a new constitution and ran for president. In 1940 he was elected president in a somewhat crooked election, and his party won a majority in Congress. During his term, Cuba formally entered World War II on the side of the Allies. Although he presided over a relatively stable time and the economy was good, he was defeated in the 1944 elections by Dr. Ramà ³n Grau. His wife Elisa was the First Lady of Cuba, but in October 1945, he divorced her and six weeks later married Marta Fernandez Miranda (1923–2006). They would eventually have five children together (Jorge Luis, Roberto Francisco, Fulgencio Jose, and Marta Maluf, Carlos Manuel). Return to the Presidency Batista and his new wife moved to Daytona Beach in the United States for a while before deciding to re-enter Cuban politics. He was elected senator in 1948 and he and his wife returned to Cuba. He established the Unitary Action Party and ran for president in 1952, assuming that most Cubans had missed him during his years away. Soon, it became apparent that he would lose: he was running a distant third to Roberto Agramonte of the Ortodoxo Party and Dr. Carlos Hevia of the Autà ©ntico party. Fearful of losing entirely his weakening grip on power, Batista and his allies in the military decided to take control of the government by force. Batista had a great deal of support. Many of his former cronies in the military had been weeded out or passed over for promotion in the years since Batista had left: it is suspected that many of these officers may have gone ahead with the takeover even if they had not convinced Batista to go along with it. In the early hours of March 10, 1952, about three months before the election was scheduled, the plotters silently took control of the Camp Columbia military compound and the fort of La Cabaà ±a. Strategic spots such as railways, radio stations, and utilities were all occupied. President Carlos Prà ­o, learning too late of the coup, tried to organize a resistance but could not: he ended up seeking asylum in the Mexican embassy. Batista quickly reasserted himself, placing his old cronies back in positions of power. He publicly justified the takeover by saying that President Prà ­o had intended to stage his own coup in order to remain in power. Young firebrand lawyer Fidel Castro tried to bring Batista to court to answer for the illegal takeover, but was thwarted: he decided that legal means of removing Batista would not work. Many Latin American countries quickly recognized the Batista government and on May 27 the United States also extended formal recognition. Fidel Castro and Revolution Castro, who would likely have been elected to Congress had the elections taken place, had learned that there was no way of legally removing Batista and began organizing a revolution. On July 26, 1953, Castro and a handful of rebels ​attacked the army barracks at Moncada, igniting the Cuban Revolution. The attack failed and Fidel and Raà ºl Castro were jailed, but it brought them a great deal of attention. Many captured rebels were executed on the spot, resulting in a lot of negative press for the government. In prison, Fidel Castro began organizing the 26th of July movement, named after the date of the Moncada assault. Batista had been aware of Castro’s rising political star for some time  and had once even given Castro a $1,000 wedding present in an attempt to keep him friendly. After Moncada, Castro went to jail, but not before publicly making his own trial about the illegal power grab. In 1955 Batista ordered the release of many political prisoners, including those who had attacked Moncada. The Castro brothers went to Mexico to organize the revolution. Batista’s Cuba The Batista era was a golden age of tourism in Cuba. North Americans flocked to the island for relaxation and to stay at the famous hotels and casinos. The American mafia had a strong presence in Havana, and Lucky Luciano lived there for a time. Legendary mobster Meyer Lansky worked with Batista to complete projects, including the Havana Riviera hotel. Batista took a huge cut of all casino takings and amassed millions. Famous celebrities liked to visit and Cuba became synonymous with a good time for vacationers. Acts headlined by celebrities such as Ginger Rogers and Frank Sinatra performed at the hotels. Even American Vice-President Richard Nixon visited. Outside of Havana, however, things were grim. Poor Cubans saw little benefit from the tourism boom and more and more of them tuned into rebel radio broadcasts. As the rebels in the mountains gained strength and influence, Batista’s police and security forces turned increasingly to torture and murder in an effort to root out the rebellion. The universities, traditional centers of unrest, were closed. Exit from Power In Mexico, the Castro brothers found many disillusioned Cubans willing to fight the revolution. They also picked up Argentine doctor  Ernesto â€Å"Chà ©Ã¢â‚¬  Guevara. In November of 1956, they returned to Cuba  on board the yacht Granma. For years they waged a guerrilla war against Batista. The 26th of July movement was joined by others inside Cuba who did their part to destabilize the nation: the Revolutionary Directorate, the student group that Batista had alienated years before, almost assassinated him in March of 1957. Castro and his men controlled huge sections of the country and had their own hospital, schools and radio stations. By late 1958 it was clear that the Cuban Revolution would win, and  when Chà © Guevara’s column captured the city of Santa Clara,  Batista decided it was time to go. On January 1, 1959, he authorized some of his officers to deal with the rebels and he and his wife fled, allegedly taking millions of dollars with him. Death The wealthy exiled president never returned to politics, even though he was still only in his fifties when he fled Cuba. He eventually settled in Portugal and worked for an insurance company. He also wrote several books and died on August 6, 1973, in Guadalmina, Spain. He left eight children, and one of his grandchildren, Raoul Cantero, became a judge on the Florida Supreme Court. Legacy Batista was corrupt, violent and out of touch with his people (or perhaps he simply didn’t care about them). Still, in comparison with fellow dictators such as the Somozas in Nicaragua, the Duvaliers in Haiti or even  Alberto Fujimori  of Peru, he was relatively benign. Much of his money was made by taking bribes and payoffs from foreigners, such as his percentage of the haul from the casinos. Therefore, he looted state funds less than other dictators did. He did frequently order the murder of prominent political rivals, but ordinary Cubans had little to fear from him until the revolution began when his tactics turned increasingly brutal and repressive. The Cuban Revolution was less the result of Batista’s cruelty, corruption, and indifference than it was of Fidel Castro’s ambition. Castro’s charisma, conviction, and ambition are singular: he would have clawed his way to the top or died trying. Batista was in Castro’s way, so he removed him. That’s not to say that Batista did not help Castro greatly. At the time of the revolution, most Cubans despised Batista, the exceptions being the very wealthy who were sharing in the loot. Had he shared Cuba’s new wealth with his people, organized a return to democracy and improved conditions for the poorest Cubans, Castro’s revolution might never have taken hold. Even Cubans who have fled Castro’s Cuba and constantly rail against him rarely defend Batista: perhaps the only thing they agree on with Castro is that Batista had to go. Sources Argote-Freyre. Fulgencio Batista: The Making of a Dictator. Vol. 1: From Revolutionary to Strongman. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2006. Batista y Zaldivar, Fulgencio. Cuba Betrayed. Literary Licensing, 2011.   Castaà ±eda, Jorge C.  Compaà ±ero: the Life and Death of Che Guevara. New York: Vintage Books, 1997. Coltman, Leycester. The Real Fidel Castro. Kindle Edition, Thistle Publishing, December 2, 2013. Whitney, Robert W. Appointed by Destiny: Fulgencio Batista and the Disciplining of the Cuban Masses, 1934–1936.  State and Revolution in Cuba: Mass Mobilization and Political Change, 1920–1940. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2001. 122–132.

Debate over stem cell research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Debate over stem cell - Research Paper Example The issues of the stem cell research have been a topic for issue since many years. The issue has created a division between the scientific, political and religious groups throughout the world. The issue revolves around one question: When exactly does the life begin? In order to get reliable stem cells and harvest the embryo’s cells, the scientists have to destroy it. The embryo might only contain a few cells as less as four or five, but yet has ignited a debate where religious groups say destroying of these cells is equal to killing a human. Eventually, the debate entered the political area as well (Moore 7). Suddenly, these stem cells tended to be everywhere and still are. The complexity of these tiny stem cells has increased by every tick of the clock. The stem cell research has been funded by the state since years. The debate regarding the stem cells has threatened the religious beliefs, traditional alliances and challenged the comprehension of life. The political war over embryonic stem cell research: There is a political war over the embryonic stem cell research and the battle is over abortion with some twists. These cells are from embryos and many of the religious groups consider the embryo as life. But it is undeniable that these stem cells are promising and can help many ailing patients thus the debate initiated that whether the stem cell research should be funded and allowed legally or not (Moore 7). The state has long been involved in the political debate of using the federal monies to fund the stem cell research. Until 1996, the federal monies were used to fund the stem cell research as the primary source for funding but later in the same year, the Congress had passed the Dickey-Wicker amendment which banned the funding of any research which involved the creation or destruction of the human embryo through federal monies. The Congress argued that the stem cell research was unethical, religiously controversial and illegal. President George W. Bu sh supported this argument as well even though many of the members of the administration had opposing views that an embryo is not a human life and it should be allowed for further research to take advantage of the potential benefits it brings (Pressberg 65). The political controversy reshaped when President Barack Obama came into power and argued that the stem cell research should be expanded due to its benefits to the future of the community. The President initiated a new policy that was disliked by many of the religious scholars but cooled many at the same time. As the President allowed funding the stem cell research in three conditions: firstly that the stem cell line was from the 22 that existed at Bush’s time or had been created from the embryos which was discarded; secondly that the donors were not paid for it; and thirdly that the donors were clearly aware of what their embryos was being used for before they gave consent. Many religious scholars, who argued against the stem cell research and the fact that killing a human life (embryo) to save many others it unethical and unjustified, favoured this policy as it did not give consent to create or destroy human embryos but rather use those which were already discarded. However, this policy moved the scientists and they protested against it by filing a lawsuit in 2009. The scientists argued in the case that the new policy would increase the competition for funding affecting their chances of obtaining funds. Thus,

Green Initiatives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Green Initiatives - Essay Example The company has an organic growth model that has enabled the company to achieve tremendous growth during the last decade. In 1999 the company served less than 5 million passengers. In the 21st century corporate social responsibility has become an important strategic path that companies follow in order to achieve success. Corporate social responsibility can be defined as alignment of a company’s activities with the social, economic, and environmental expectations of its stakeholders (Sourcewatch, 2009). As a low cost airline the company is automatically complying with the economic expectation of its customers. The company is a member of European Low Fares Airline Association. Ryanair has one of the best environmental records in the airline industry. Ryanair selects aircrafts models for its fleet that have the latest and most efficient engine technologies. This green initiative has helped the company reduced carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 45% over the last decade. The firm has further decreased its CO2 emissions during the last 10 years by an additional 10% by optimizing its flight route trajectory. The company does not use flight hopping mechanisms; instead all of its flights are one way destinations directly to the final location. The airline also avoids long taxiing time and holding patterns at primary congested airports (Ryanair, 2009). CO2 emissions are the primary factor that is causing air pollution that leads to the imbalance in the greenhouse effect and global warming. Rising carbon dioxide levels from burning fuel fossils are scientifically linked to sea level changes, snowmelt, disease, heat stress, severe weather, and ocean acidification (Rice, 2008). The company has invested over $17 billion since 1999 in its aircraft replacement program. The aircraft replacement program enabled the company to lower its fuel consumption by 55% between 1998 and 2007

Effect of the Weather on Agriculture

Effect of the Weather on Agriculture Executive Summary Agricultural activities are often affected by the weather. Weather is unpredictable as it changes from time to time. As the agricultural activities affected, the crops or the outcome of the agricultural activities would be affected as well and this caused the income of the farmers to be affected or causing the investors to lose money. Therefore, weather derivative is needed to protect the farmers and investors. So, this research is all about modelling and pricing of weather derivatives where the weather is based on the daily average temperature in Malaysia. In this research, there are two main objectives which include the modelling of temperature and pricing of weather derivatives. To complete this research project, there are 10 stages to be gone through. The details about the stages would be discussed in the methodology of this research. The model used to model the movement of daily average temperature in this research would be the stochastic fractional Brownian motion. This model is chosen because based on the past researches, this model fits the data well and successfully modelled the dynamics of daily average temperature. From this research, the daily temperature is expected to be modelled and described by the stated model well. Besides that, the pricing of weather derivatives will be encountered as well. Through this research, it provides a lot of advantages. For example, it provides a better idea in the process of modelling the temperature and the pricing method of weather derivatives. The outcome from this research can be used as a reference for future researchers that do research in this field. Details of Research Project (a) Research Background 1. Problem statement Agricultural activities are one of the main activities carried out by people around the world. It is one of the main sources of income for some of the countries like Africa, India and China. Even in this modern technological era, many of the agricultural activities still depending on the weather. Weather is the daily conditions of a particular place. For example, humidity, precipitation, the daily average temperature and visibility are all under the weather. Since weather is a thing thats beyond human control and agricultural activities are highly depending on weather, therefore, agricultural businesses are often referred to as a high risk business. In recent years, the weather insurance and weather derivatives are becoming more renowned as it reduces or hedge the risks faced by all farmers and investors that caused by weather. Jewson (2005) presented a few reasons why is the weather derivatives important and in Jewson (2005) and Cao and Wei (2004), a few weather hedging techniques were shown. The traditional agricultural insurance is the crop insurance. There are a lot of disadvantages of the traditional crop insurance. Some of the disadvantages include inefficiency due to poor contract structured, lack of information and high transaction costs involved. This caused those farmers could not afford for the insurance and hence the weather derivatives are highly needed as weather derivatives normally had a lower price than the weather insurance. Thus, weather derivatives play a very important role in helping the farmers and investors. The first weather related derivative deal was done by Aquila Energy in 1997 for Consolidated Ediso n Company, where a dual-commodity hedge was structured. Since the agricultural derivatives are getting more important, more financial researchers are doing their research on the pricing of weather based derivatives. Norton (2010) stated that the weather derivative is a way to share the risk for farmers in developing countries. Malaysia is lucky enough to be located in the equatorial region. Hence, the weather in Malaysia is hot and humid throughout the year. Therefore, in Malaysia, the crops are only affected by the daily average temperature and the amount of rainfall. Of course, there are catastrophes that happen in Malaysia too, like flash flooding, acid rain or drought. These catastrophes in Malaysia caused the damage to all the crops. But, the main problem that could affect the crops in Malaysia would be the amount of rainfall, the daily temperature or humidity. Hence, in Malaysia, to structure a weather derivative, it is easier as compared to other four season countries because the weather factors that taken into account are lesser. Moreover, there are lack of people doing research in this field, thus, this research is quite important as to solve the agricultural problems. 2. Research questions One of the problems faced by researchers in doing research about the pricing of weather derivatives is often the pricing model or the pricing technique that is used. Besides pricing technique, the model that used to describe the dynamic or the movement of the weather factors like amount of rainfall or daily average temperature in the research of weather derivatives is one of the problems faced by researchers as well. Hence, in this research, the focus would be on the modelling of the daily average temperature in Malaysia and the pricing of the weather derivatives. So, the questions to be answered in this research will be how well the model is, in describing the movement of daily average temperature and how to price the weather derivatives. 3. Literature review There are actually a lot of researchers had done their research about the weather insurance or derivatives. Some of the models used by past researchers include temperature modelling, Black-Scholes model, Time Series models, Brownian model, Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model, Esscher transformation and more. Taib and Benth (2012) had done a research on the pricing of the weather insurance by using three different approaches which include burn analysis approach, index modelling and temperature modelling. The weather index is first calculated and then the price of the insurance contract is calculated based on the weather index. The weather index, which is based on the Cooling-Degree Day (CDD) is calculated by using the formulae of After calculating the , the price of the insurance contract can then be now determined by using the formulae P(t, ) = exp(−r( − t))E[)|Ft ] where the expected value of the claim size is found. The exp(−r( − t) is used to find the present value by discounting at time as Indicates the end of the period where insurance starts paying. The formulae of P(t, ) is a standard method to price the weather related insurance or derivatives. For burning analysis approach, it is firstly introduced by Jewson and Brix (2005) as a classic method in pricing weather derivatives. The payoff of the burning analysis approach is based on the empirical distribution of the sample data collected. While the mean value of observations of the sample data is used to calculate the price of the contract. The next method introduced by Jewson and Brix (2005) is the index modelling approach, and Taib and Benth(2012) modify a little bit of the model where the past claims are fitted into a distribution and the expected value of the distribution is used in pricing the contracts. Lastly, Taib and Benth (2012) proposed a new model where the changes of the daily average temperature are modelled using the autoregressive, a time series model. Besides Taib and Benth (2012), Campbell and Diebold (2003) also uses time series model to model and forecast the daily average temperature in certain cities of America for the purpose of weather derivatives. While Chang, Lin Shen (2009) constructed a theoretical model to price the weather derivatives and this is the extended version of the model of Cao and Wei (2004). In the research paper of Chang, Lin Shen (2009), the estimation value of future Heating-Degree Day(HDD) and Cooling-Degree Day (CDD) is predicted by using Mote-Carlo simulation and they successfully utilize the time series temperature model in Campbell and Diabold (2003). Mills (2009) also uses time series model to model the current temperature trend of Central England. In the research of Mills (2009), it is suggested that three other alternative ways could be used to model the temperature trend, which is the parametric stochastic trend model, the non-parametric local trend fit, and a low-pass filter. These 3 alternat ive techniques had been discussed in Mills (2003) and Pollock (2007). Other than time series models, other models were used by other researchers in pricing of weather derivatives. For example, Lee and Oren (2009) suggested a model of equilibrium pricing of the weather derivatives for various commodities. This model is built where the risk averse utility function is optimized by the agents, including the weather derivatives that have been issued. There are two types of agent. The first type is the farmers where they obtain the profit with the exposure to weather risks while the second type of agent is those financial investors where they hope to diversify the financial portfolio. Therefore, later in 2010 and 2011, Lee and Oren with Hà ¤rdle and Osipenko simulate the realistic market conditions to get the equilibrium price for weather derivatives. This equilibrium pricing method of Lee and Oren is actually based on the research of Cao and Wei (1999) where Cao and Wei generalize the model of Lucas (1978) and include the daily temperature as a fundamental variable. Since Black-Scholes Model is a popular method to price the European options, BotoÃ…Å ¸ and CiumaÃ…Å ¸ (2012) uses the Black-Scholes model to apply in weather derivatives. The aim of their research is to see how the Black-Scholes model can be applied in weather type derivative and to analyze whether it is a suitable model to price for weather derivatives. However, based on their findings of the research, they concluded that the Black-Scholes model is not a suitable model to price for the weather derivatives as the weather market developed very quickly and it is inconsistent. Due to the inconsistencies, the model is not preferable to be used for pricing of weather derivatives contract unless it is a part of the portfolio. Benth and Ã…  altytÄ-à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Benth (2005) uses a stochastic model to model the variations of temperature in their research paper. They used the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck with the driven by Levy process and having seasonal mean and volatility. They find that this model is quite a success to fit the Norwegian temperature data. Besides that, Svec and Stevenson (2006) also use a stochastic model to model and forecast the temperature. Svec and Stevenson (2006) uses Fourier transformation and stochastic Brownian motion (SBM).They proposed a more generalized stochastic Brownian motion to model the temperature, that is, the stochastic fractional Brownian motion (FBM). The model proposed take account the low-frequency variability of weather where the SBM does not. The difference of the SBM and FBM is that the FBM included a continuous-time Gaussian process depending on the Hurst parameter. This research paper concluded that the Monte-Carlo simulation overly forecast while the autoregressive moving average (ARMA) time-series model under forecast the monthly accumulated Heating-degree Day (HDD) and Cooling-degree Day (CDD). They also concluded that the models they use in the research have better estimates than that of the Campbell and Diebold (2003) model. (b) Objective of Research There are two main objectives in this research, that is:- (i) To model the daily temperature based on the analysis of daily average temperature in Malaysia by using stochastic fractional Brownian Motion. (ii) Pricing of the weather derivative. (c) Methodology 1. Flow Chart of Research Activities 2. Gantt Chart of Research Activities 3. Milestones and Dates The flow chart, Gantt chart and milestones and date clearly show that the research activities of this research project. To complete this research project, there are 10 stages. The first stage is looking for a research supervisor so that this research is under supervision. Then, setting up of research title will be the next stage. After setting up the research title, studying and reading related journals needed as to get a rough idea of what is the research needed to be done and what actually the research is all about. The fourth stage will be fixing the model to be used in the research. After reading and studying of relevant journals, the model to be used could be determined. In this research, the model to be used in modelling the daily average temperature is the FBM. The FBM that will be used is as follows: This model was chosen because out of a few models studied in the past research papers, it is one of the best model that fits the movement of temperature. In this FBM, it consists of several components. That is, the mean reversion process, the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process and the fractional Brownian process which is a continuous-time Gaussian process. Besides that, the model used also included some seasonal and trend factors. With the combination of this few process and factors, it makes the stochastic FBM more efficient in describing the movement of temperature. As the fixing of the model is done, preparation of research proposal would be the next stage and it is now pending for approval by supervisor. After the proposal of research is done and it is approved, collection of data begun and then analysis works will be started. Analyses of data enable the temperature to be modelled by the model fixed in the earlier stage. In this research, the model to be used is the Stochastic Brownian Motion. Hence, the eighth stage is the modelling of daily average temperature using Stochastic Brownian Motion. After the modelling, pricing of weather derivatives can be start doing and finally, after the pricing is done, the research project is finished up and completed. (d) Expected results 1. New Knowledge Throughout this research, there are actually a lot of new knowledge could be obtained. As this research is all about modelling of temperature and pricing of weather derivatives hence, by doing this research, it provides a better idea on which model is better in fitting or describing the movements of daily temperature as a lot of other models are studied. Besides that, the steps to model the movements of daily temperatures also a new knowledge. It improves the knowledge about stochastic. Since this research is using stochastic fractional Brownian Motion to model the changes of daily temperature, through this research, the suitability of the stochastic model to describe the changes of daily temperature will be reviewed. Besides that, through this research, the application and the usage of the stochastic fractional Brownian Motion is known. Moreover, it will provide a better understanding of the method to calculate the price of the weather derivatives. 2. Research publications This research will be published as a thesis in semester II of 2014/2015. 3. Impact on Society, Economy and Nation Since in Malaysia, it is lack of researchers doing the research about the pricing weather derivatives, so, this research of modelling and pricing of weather derivatives gives some small impact on the economy. One of the impact is that it improves a little bit of the economic conditions of the agricultural field. As mentioned previously in this research, agricultural activities are affected a lot by the weather and agriculture activities are one of the largest activities in Malaysia. Hence, by doing this research, the forecasting of temperature can be done based on the modelling of temperature. With the forecasting of temperature, it can help the farmers to be aware of their crops and come out with a better strategy to handle and prepare for the worst. Of course, the forecast results might not be accurate, but, with the guides provided from the modelling and forecasting, it helps to reduce the risk of losing the money, be it the farmers or the investors. This helps to prevent the farm ers from stop doing agriculture activities. So, by doing this research, it indirectly affected a little bit on the economic condition of the agricultural field. References Benth, F., Ã…  altytÄ-à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Benth, J. (2005). Stochastic Modelling of Temperature Variations with a View Towards Weather Derivatives. Applied Mathematical Finance, 53-85. BotoÃ…Å ¸, H., CiumaÃ…Å ¸, C. (2012). The use of the Black-Scholes Model in the Field of Weather Derivatives.Procedia Economics and Finance,611-616. Cao, M. and Wei, J. (1999). Pricing weather derivative: an equilibrium approach. Working paper. Cao, M., Li, A. and Wei, J., (2004). Precipitation modeling and contract valuation: a frontier in weather derivatives. The Journal of Alternative Investments 7: 93- 99. Campbell, S.D. and Diebold, F.X., (2003). Weather forecasting for weather derivatives. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 100: 6-16. Chang, C., Lin, J., Shen, W. (2009). Pricing Weather Derivatives using a Predicting Power Time Series Process*.Asia-Pacific Journal of Financial Studies,863- 890. Hà ¤rdle, W. K. and Osipenko, M. (2011). Pricing Chinese Rain: A Multisite Multi-period Equilibrium Pricing Model for Rainfall Derivatives. SFB 649 Discussion Paper 2011-055. Jewson, S. and Brix, A. 2005. Weather Derivative Valuation: The Meteorological, Statistical, Financial and Mathematical Foundations. Cambridge University Press. Lee, Y. and Oren, S., (2009). An equilibrium pricing model for weather derivatives in a multi-commodity setting. Energy Economics, 31 (5): 702-713. Lee, Y. and Oren, S., (2010). A multi-period equilibrium pricing model of weather derivatives. Energy Systems 1: 3-30. Lucas, R. E. (1978). Asset prices in an exchange economy, Econometrica 46, pp. 1429-1445. Mills, T. C. (2003). Modelling Trends and Cycles in Economic Time Series. Palgrave Macmillan. Mills, T. C. (2009). Modelling Current Temperature Trends. Journal of Data Science 7, 89-97. Norton, M., Osgood, D., Turvey, C. (2010). Weather Index Insurance and the Pricing of Spatial Basis Risk. Retrieved from: http://ageconsearch.umn.edu /bitstream/61734/2/Norton%20Osgood%20Turvey.Weather%20Index%20Ins urance%20and%20the%20Pricing%20of%20Spatial%20Basis%20Risk%20_ AAEA2010_.pdf Pollock, D. S. G. (2007). Statistical signal extraction and filtering: A partial survey. In Handbook on Computational Econometrics (Forthcoming)2. Elsevier. Svec, J., Stevenson, M. (2006). Modelling and forecasting temperature based weather derivatives.Global Finance Journal,185-204. Taib, C.M.I.C. and Benth, F.E. (2012). Pricing of temperature index insurance. Review of Development Finance 2, pp.22-31.

Australian company Law

Due to the nature of the transitory issues that have been faced by the workers from their shift from Casino Limited to caterers Limited, a solution regarding their salary and remuneration can only be solved through the application of the company law.Australian corporate and company constitute a divergent legislation due to the nature of the commercial activities in Australia.   Perhaps, the amendment of the commonwealth workplace Act in Australia has led to diversified laws regarding the employer and his employee.   Due to these amendments, employees are therefore faced with different legal requirement in regard to their work.The company law is responsible for the regulation of the corporate governance and the general administration of the company.   Within the corporation are different stakeholders who are responsible in performing different duties.This groups work together cordially and in harmony with another to ensure the smooth running of the corporation.   In the corpor ation, different parties should perform different duties.   In their performance of the duties, these parties are guided by different rights which ensure no conflict within the company. (Ferran, 1999)Among the parties to the company are the employees.   Like other employees in a company the employees of the Casino Limited whom have been divided with some becoming subordinate employees of the caterers limited, are entitled to specific rights in their recognition of them as been workers in the company.   To them they are entitled to good working environment and a remuneration which best improves their lives as workers.To the case between these employees and the Casino Limited, the employees had entered in to a contractual relationship with the management of the company in regard to their ruminations.   In this contract, they were to be paid wages and salaries that were to be in excess of other workers in similar resorts in Australia.This comes only to an agreement after a long dispute in relation to it with its employees.   However, the same contract is breached by the management after it expands to form another subsidiary company which is however wholly owned by the Casino Ltd. (Ferran, 1999)By statutes of the company law, any subsidiary company wholly owned by the mother company with all its profits diverted to the mother company is in itself regulated in the same manner as the other subsidiary.  Ã‚   Since caterers Ltd falls under this category, it has no other authority except to undertake its business in regard to the business law regulating the Casino ltd.In the company law, there are some basic concepts that denote whether two or more subsidiary companies should be operated under the same business law.   Firstly, the nature of directorship, where a subsidiary company with directions appointed from the broader company.   Company law states that, such a company is in a close regard to its mother company.Secondly, the nature of profit shares, in which, if subsidiary company pulls all its profit turnovers to the mother company, it implies equality in management and therefore should be guided by the same company laws as its mother company.   Equality in operations; where the subsidiary company operates the same business undertaking as the other.   Either, the nature of management, where two or more companies are under the same management, they are subject to same company law.Implied here is that, Casino and Caterers limited implied one and the same organization whose operations were to be as per the regulations of the same company law.   The structure of the corporate governance in these two companies’ was the same. (Cheffins, 1997)

Nuclear Iran Essay

IRAN HAS THE RIGHT TO ENRICH URANIUM The Iranian nuclear program was initiated decades ago but for some years it has been attracting controversy and debate on international forums. This research essay will be touching both sides of the controversy and explain how the whole affair has evolved over time. Nations critical of any nuclear development in Iran regard it as a threat to peace and stability in the world. However Iran maintains a different but principled stance on this issue. On the basis of the United Nations Charter of 1945, Iran considers it as its right as a sovereign state to pursue its desire of enriching uranium and certainly does not consider itself liable to seek authorization of its actions from any other state or organization. With these words to support the claim of this essay, the Islamic Republic of Iran is fully sovereign in its decision to enrich uranium and obtain nuclear technology. History of Iranian efforts for achieving uranium-enrichment and nuclear technology goes back five decades, when the Shah of Iran Raza Shah Pahlavi came into power during the 1950s. The King of Iran thought that as oil reserves were eventually going to run out so the need for an alternative source of fuel was imperative for the future. A civil nuclear cooperation deal was signed with the United States of America (USA) under the name of Atoms for Peace program. This led to the establishment of the Tehran Nuclear Research Center (TNRC) in 1967, run by the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran. The following few years saw the golden period of international relations of Iran with the western world. Trade agreements were signed and many European countries showed a lot of interest in the development of its nuclear technology. The US response to the whole situation was over-whelming and other developed countries followed suit. The first nuclear reactor was set up at Bushehr and nuclear fuel was provided along with the necessary equipment to help Iran start its nuclear research. Iran signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1968 and was thus subject to verifications from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Political scene changed abruptly and Iran went through the Islamic Revolution in 1979. The government of Raza Shah was overthrown and Ayatollah Khomeini became the spiritual leader of newly found Islamic Republic. The favourite of the western world, Raza Shah was no more in power and that left the western world with no interest in Iran. The anti-US sentiment in Iran grew to an immeasurable extent that US-Iran ties were severed at all levels. US backed out of the nuclear cooperation deal with Iran and many countries including France and Germany followed the US. All deals and ties with other European countries also came to a halt. All agreements remained unfulfilled as many countries, including the US, that had received payments in exchange for nuclear fuel and technology cooperation refused to pay back. Iran felt that it was being cheated as it had to virtually hold all its efforts for enriching uranium. The unreliability in international agreements with the western powers got exposed and Iranian government decided to continue the country’s nuclear development program with help from countries other than the West and co ntinued to do so till date despite imposition of sanctions and embargoes by the West. The first and foremost claim in support of the Iranian pursuit of nuclear development is the right of every sovereign nation to rule itself and undertake any developmental programs it considers best for itself, under its own jurisdiction, as said in the UN Charter. â€Å"The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members.† [Charter of the United Nations Art. 2(1)] The above clearly underlines the absolute right of every sovereign state under the capacity of international law, to manage its affairs the way it seems appropriate. And further stressing on it, the UN Charter clearly mentions in Article 2 (7) that no other state or international agency will be authorized to intervene in matters of domestic jurisdiction of any other state and goes on to say that no state will be allowed to submit such matters to the UN under the present Charter. Thus it clearly shows that Iran is doing nothing wrong or for the fact, nothing objectionable. What Ira n is trying to achieve is nothing less of what the â€Å"club† of developed nations has already achieved and today stand proud of their achievements on the world stage. The main objective of Iran for enriching uranium is to generate electricity and depend less on its oil reserves. Iran started the project of developing  nuclear technology to meet its growing demands of energy through reliance on cleaner, more efficient sources of energy. Iran has maintained this position on all international forums. United States of America argue that Iran has vast reserves of oil and gas and does not need nuclear technology for power generation. An interesting thing to note is that Russia and Britain, both exporters of oil and gas, are generating power from nuclear technology. States like Bulgaria can have a nuclear power plant but Iran’s nuclear plant harbours so much controversy. Israel refuses to disclose how many nuclear weapons it has but one thing is confirmed that Israel became a nuclear state with the help of the United States and continues to avoid the signing of NPT. Pakistan, India, North Korea, Israel, United Kingdom, Russia and the United Stat es all possess nuclear weapons and use nuclear technology for power production. If they being sovereign states can develop nuclear technology why does Iran have to be an exception? As seen in the above paragraphs, Iran’s pursuit of nuclear technology is its right and as per law the question of allowing Iran to enrich uranium or not does not stand credible. However politics follow a different pattern. The country to initiate the nuclear program and development of research in Iran took a three-sixty degree turn after the Islamic Revolution of 1979. United States of America, after its singular use of nuclear bombs, has had a great influence over the world community after the Second World War that completely changed the world dynamics. This also influenced the Iran-Iraq war that started in 1980 and lasted 8 years. Iran was attacked by Iraqi military aircraft and missiles, initiating the war, which destroyed Iran’s nuclear reactors in Bushehr. Iranian military was not that well equipped and Iran’s pleas for a diplomatic solution to this war fell on deaf ears of the western world and the United Nations. The West openly supported the Iraqi regime throughout the war and supplied it with the latest weapons. Iran fought for eight long years and learned that the West could not be relied upon. And in recent years there exists a threat from Israel and so does from the US, both of which continue to apply pressure, directly or indirectly, on Iran to forego its pursuit of nuclear technology. The US invasion of Iraq on the pretext of finding and destroying weapons of mass destruction was baseless. This made Iran feel exposed to the world community and it remains  committed to go ahead with enriching uranium and acquiring nuclear technology. If it achieves this, a nuclear Iran will be enough to deter any foreign attack. An interesting example is that of India. India became a nuclear state in 1974 and since then has declined to become a signatory of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). The NPT prohibits its signatory states from making a deal on nuclear technology with any other state that refuses to comply with the terms of the NPT. However the world saw a controversial resolution passed by the US Congress when it approved US-India Civilian Nuclear deal. The deal was signed by both the governments and any objections voiced by the world community were unheeded. Iran fulfilling all international obligations in compliance with the IAEA and the NPT has yet to face all kinds of hurdles in the form of sanctions and trade embargoes as it continues to proceed with its nuclear program and uranium enrichment. The example of North Korea shows the two-faced attitude of the developed countries of the world. North Korea claims to have nuclear weapons and maintains a hostile attitude towards South Korea. It is a signatory of the NPT and thus under inspections of the IAEA, however it has developed nuclear technology to the extent that it can produce nuclear weapons as well. US and other world powers have dealt with the whole situation diplomatically and even come up with a deal for North Korea to give up its nuclear weapons. Contradictory to this, the United Nations Security Council voted unanimously against Iran that it should immediately suspend all its nuclear programs. If it does that then the world powers agree to hold talks with the Iranian government. This raises the question that on what grounds exactly the western world wants Iran to leave its nuclear program of enriching uranium. Iran might have many reasons to go ahead with its nuclear program however there is another side to the Iranian Nuclear Program. Critics of Iran’s nuclear program defend the stance of the United Nations Security Council that Iran should curb its nuclear program and immediately stop the enrichment of uranium. They vehemently oppose the prospect of a nuclear Iran in the future and consider such a development as a serious threat to world  peace and instability in the gulf region. They base their arguments on three main issues that include risks of nuclear proliferation, the start of an arms race in the region and lastly the increase in hostilities in the Gulf region eventually leading to global tensions. It is true that if Iran goes ahead with its nuclear program and is able to enrich uranium for its nuclear purposes there will be a risk of nuclear proliferation. However such risks are inherent in case of all nuclear states and that is one of the reasons that the Nuclear Proliferation Treaty was accorded and signed to curb such leaks. Iran is already a signatory of the NPT and has been under the inspection of IAEA for several years. The inspections undertaken by the IAEA clearly show that Iran has been complying with the terms of the NPT and IAEA. It has enriched uranium up to the permissible levels and has not yet been found of proliferation of any nuclear technology to any other state. The Iranian government has stressed time and again on its peaceful intentions regarding uranium enrichment and nuclear prospects. As per international laws the measures adopted by Iran suffice and it should be allowed to enrich uranium and keep going with its nuclear program. Those critical of Iran’s nuclear program feel there is a threat of an impending arms race in the region if Iran gets nuclear technology. What they claim is probably right and this might be one of the initial responses if Iran continues its nuclear program. As more and more resources will be spent on military budgets and on the development of nuclear weapons, this will have a negative effect on the growth of those nations. This will also cause a decrease in expenditures for the public welfare, insufficient spending on development of infrastructure and even an increase in environmental degradation. However it should also be noted that Iran is not the first country to have or close to having nuclear technology in the region. Israel already has nuclear technology and Iran’s pursuit of nuclear technology is not a recent phenomenon. It has been there for years now and so has been the arms race in the region. Iran wants to develop this technology for peaceful uses as its leade rship has said on numerous occasions. The Iranian government cannot afford to allow letting billions of dollars of investment  into this program over five decades go waste just because other nations think that Iran should discontinue its program. On another dimension Iran’s aim of enriching uranium seems the best step forward as it will shift some military power from the hands of just one player in the region that is Israel. Another argument, in addition to proliferation, going against Iran’s nuclear program is the escalation of hostilities in the region. The antagonistic relationship of Iran and Israel will get even worse if Iran continues with its nuclear program and this will put the whole region at risk as both countries will be nuclear powers. The official stance taken by both these nations with respect to the other speaks for itself. Iranian government refuses to acknowledge Israel as a legitimate state and has intent in eliminating Israel from the world map. Israel on the other hand talks of using force against Iran if it does not discontinue its nuclear program. Such tensions will require only an excuse to start war and if that is a nuclear war the consequences will be destructive. However it should also be noted that with advanced nuclear technology Iran would be at the same level as others and the looming threats of attack from the US and Israel will diffuse. Both will be well aware of t he consequences of any such attack and will try to avoid it all costs. The world has seen the effects of two nuclear bombs and no nation will dare to take such a step in haste. The example of Pakistan and India can be considered in this regard. The two countries have fought three wars and many incidents have taken place when war had become imminent. However, after they became nuclear powers, both states have been responsible in this regard and the respective nuclear weapons have acted as a deterrent. Similar is the case with Iran; the possession of nuclear technology will bring it at an equal footing with Israel and that will compel both to treat each other responsibly, something not observed nowadays in world politics. Considering all the arguments given in this essay one thing is certain that Iran has the right to go ahead with its nuclear program and that choice remains with the Iranian government or the people of Iran only. The risks involved in developing nuclear technology can be minimized but not  eliminated. Iran being a responsible state has complied and continues to abide by the terms and conditions of the NPT and the rules of the IAEA. A country like Iran that has faced so many sanctions and embargoes through the years and, however, still continues to go ahead with the plan of enriching uranium should be taken seriously. No amount of pressure is going to affect it. This is something that other countries might not be willing to accept but the fact remains that Iran is pushing itself through this. Considering the regional and the global situation Iran should be allowed to enrich uranium for the purpose of fulfilling the nation’s needs, be it energy requirements or national security compulsions. LIST OF WORKS CITED â€Å"BBC News – Q&A: Iran Nuclear Issue.† BBC – Homepage. Web. 27 Nov. 2010. . â€Å"Charter of the United Nations: Chapter I: Purposes and Principles.† Welcome to the United Nations: It’s Your World. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. . Wright, By Robert. â€Å"Listen to the Iranian People – NYTimes.com.† Opinion – Opinionator Blog – NYTimes.com. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. . â€Å"Iran’s Nuclear Program – The New York Times.† The New York Times – Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. 30 Nov. 2010. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. . Bruno, By Greg. â€Å"Iran’s Nuclear Program.† Council on Foreign Relations. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. . â€Å"Nuclear Weapons – Iran.† GlobalSecurity.org – Reliable Security Information. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. . â€Å"The Iran Nuclear Issue.† Intelligent Essays. Web. 29 Nov. 2010. . â€Å"Perceived Nuclear Threat from Iran Essay | Papers Unlimited.† Web. 1 Dec. 2010. . Web. 1 Dec. 2010. .